Ethical Dilemmas Faced By Nurses - 1924 Words

Ethical dilemmas encountered by nurses can be viewed from the perspective of three major ethical principles: beneficence, autonomy and justice. Each of these principles set some guidelines for the nurses to abide by when confronted by an ethical decision-making; however, these can be manipulated based on the dilemma. There are two dilemmas demonstrated in which a nurse’s autonomy conflicts with doctor’s orders and the patient’s request for euthanasia depicted from the perspective of all three principles. Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing Many people encounter ethical issues and ethical decision-making every day of their lives. Each person’s moral values differ depending on one’s religion, culture, family, etc. These moral or ethical values are of utmost importance for the healthcare professionals, especially nurses. Many professional in the healthcare system are confronted by dilemmas which challenges their morality and give rise to many questions. How does the ethical values of a healthcare professional influence the patient? What role do nurses have in ethical issues? Are nurses impacted by their patient’s ethics? These are some of the questions one would frequently ask when taking the ethical issues of nursing into consideration. Many nurses choose this field to provide care for their patient’s; however, they are often encountered with ethical dilemmas that require understanding of the ethical principles and implementing on rules of the healthcare system they areShow MoreRelated Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Nurses and Other Healthcare Professionals2759 Words   |  12 Pagesadministration within. A code of ethics highlights the responsibility and accountability standards of each and every employee within the organization. These codes are also motivating factors that guide the employees’ behavior, set the standard regarding ethical conduct, and build an organizations trustworthiness within their surroundings. (McShane, Gilnow, 2012). The role of ethics in organizational behavior can negatively or positively impact an entire healthcare entity. If employees are educated on theRead MoreEthical Dilemma Faced By A Registered Nurse On The Medical / Surgical Unit At Baptist Nassau1253 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemma Paper This paper will describe an ethical dilemma faced by a registered nurse on the medical/surgical unit at Baptist Nassau. This dilemma will be analyzed using Catalano’s ethical decision-making model (2009) for nurses. Throughout this paper the pros and cons of this dilemma will be discussed, as well as answer the question â€Å"Is it morally and ethically just†? The ethical dilemma encountered by the nurse involved a 69 year-old female patient. This patient had cancer that hadRead MoreEthical Dilemmas And Moral Courage1473 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In today’s healthcare environment nurses are faced with increasingly intricate ethical dilemmas. We encounter these dilemmas in situations where our ability to do the right thing is continuously delayed by conflicting values and beliefs of other healthcare providers. There are many nurses who face these ethical issues head on and others who put it aside. Keeping our commitment to patients requires moral courage. Moral courage aids us in addressing ethical issues and making the correct decisionRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of An Ethical Dilemma1029 Words   |  5 Pagesmake and often create ethical dilemmas. Situations will arise, and nurses have a duty to protect the patients and themselves. This paper will outline a significant event in my practice that caused an ethical dilemma. Clinical Situation Ethical dilemmas are defined as: situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion (Your Dictionary). I had not been practicing as a nurse for long when I had toRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of An Ethical Dilemma1026 Words   |  5 Pagescreate ethical dilemmas. Situations will arise and nurses have a duty to protect the patients and themselves. This paper will outline a significant event in my practice that caused an ethical dilemma. Clinical Situation Ethical dilemmas are defined situations in which, there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion (Your Dictionary). I had not been practicing as a nurse for long when I had to face an ethical dilemmaRead MorePersonal Ethics856 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Melissa Sawyer Grand Canyon University May 5th, 2013 NRS 437 Ethical Decision Making in Nursing Personal Ethics The American Nurses Association defines nursing as, â€Å"protection, promotion, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (American Nurses Association, 2004, p.7). My personal nursing philosophy stems fromRead MorePersonal Ethics889 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional moral compass helps guide the person through their profession making the best ethical decision. A nurse uses their professional moral compass to make the best decisions for their patient. Spirituality and culture contribute to how a person views the world. Spirituality and culture helps a person develop how they live their life and how they view life, health and death (Burkhardt, 2001). Nurses or healers have held a special place in many cultures. Nursing practice has grown and maturedRead MorePatient Confidentiality Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Patient confidentiality is a fundamental practice in healthcare and it is integral part of healthcare ethical standards (Purtilo Dougherty, 2010). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursing world, p.6). Also, when a patient confidentialityRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Values1086 Words   |  5 Pagesa positive attitude. When making decisions, core values allow me to help structure my ethical standards from which I base decisions off of. Each day I am faced with different situations in which my ethical standards are tested. I have a mindset that when deciding what to do in different situations I try and have it result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Selflessness is my core ethical standard, however compassion is another value I carry. When reacting to events in my lifeRead MoreAPA Ethical Dilemma Paper1387 Words   |  6 Pagesof these trials since they are the adults and the ones who understand?, where is the line drawn when it comes to children being part of clinical trials?, there are so many complicated questions and sometimes the answers are just as complex. Ethical Dilemma Pediatric clinical trials have not been heard of until 1955, when Hepatitis studies were performed at Willowbrook School in New York. This school housed hundreds of mentally challenged children, the physician of this school and his staff deliberately

The Struggle Of The Revolutionary War - 1876 Words

In the modern era, massive debates have arisen on both miniscule issues and important problems. This paradigm of debating has been in effect since the founding of the United States. Without argument and without logic and reason, the United States would have never seceded from the British Empire. The colonies began with a diminishing hope of survival, however, eventually reached the point where they are able to fight the greatest empire of their time. This, however, was not simple; adding on to the countless lives fighting, many minds clashed as well. Without these philosophers, the very founders of our great nation, the United States of America would have not existed. The Revolutionary War began with the struggle between great minds: these were the philosophers who supported Thomas Paine, urging military war; moderates like Ben Franklin, who advocated unity and was resilient about total war; and loyalists who sustained James Chalmers, argueing the foolishness of a revolution-- in the midst of 13 diverse colonies. The revolutionary radicals were mainly focused on war because of personal sentiments. The greatest pro-war thinker was Thomas Paine; he wanted outright revolution against the British. Paine had sensed the rise of tension, the spirit of rebellion, that had steadily mounted in the colonies after the Boston Tea Party and when the fightings had started. Paine believed the colonies had all the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them withoutShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolutionary War Was A Struggle For Many,1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolutionary war was a struggle for many, no matter the gender or color. Not only during the war, but after too, because wars never end at the battle field. The war was for freedom, and after they received that freedom, they had another job. Next were laws, government, new rules and new challenges. Not only were those fighting for government were stressed, but also the citizens. Citizens like women and African Americans, the ones that were oppressed from regular freedom for so longRead MoreThe Fight Of The American Revolution For Independence1262 Words   |  6 Pagesstories of the wives of these men and other women who were caught up in the struggle for Americas sovereignty. Throughout the eighteen century, while the revolution war was taking place. These women had to play a vital role in order to be successful in captivating the fight of the American revolution for independence. Distanced from the role men were required to play. Women who were wives, mothers, and daughters. â€Å"Revolutionary Mothers† written by author Carol Berkin. Copyrighted in 2005 is an extraordinaryRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers : Women During The Struggle For America s Independence By Carol Berkin1612 Words   |  7 Pagesof the book Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the struggle for America’s independence by Carol Berkin. This comprised of details on women who had been involved in struggling to fulfill the independence of America. Women played their role at facing or creating impact towards the war. This outlines on myriad of women,s lives as well as getting to know the obstacles that they encountered during the war. This aids in bringing out the idea that not only men who played vital roles during the war, but alsoRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers Review Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesBerkin, C. (2005). REVOLUTIONARY MOTHERS: Women in the Struggle for Americas Independence. Vintage Books. Book Review #1 By Tawnya Pluid Carol Berkin’s Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for Americas Independence is an excellent book that I immensely enjoyed. When many people think of the Revolutionary War, they might imagine George Washington gallantly leading his men through the winters at Valley Forge or the like. Berkin begins her masterpiece by giving a general overviewRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers784 Words   |  4 PagesBerkin, Carol Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence Knopp, Alfred A.: Random House Pp. 194 In Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence the author, Carol Berken, revisits the Revolutionary War exploring the many diverse roles that the women of all ethnicities, cultures, and classes were called upon to assume during the eight year struggle for independence. Most often when we address the Revolution the focus is on the notableRead MoreChina s Revolutionary War : A Successful Revolutionary Insurgency1218 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s revolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that leaders must study the whole military situation, and that a military must be good at learning. The first key to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency is understanding that the laws of war are developmental. Comrade Mao, felt that leaders must take a progressive approach to understand war in general, the revolutionary aspect of war, andRead MoreMao Zedong And The Revolutionary War1156 Words   |  5 Pagesto conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency? The works of Chinese Marxist theorist and soldier, Comrade Mao Zedong, were key in understanding the problems that faced not only the Chinese Military, but the military forces of other major countries as well. Comrade Mao provided a logical description of the strategic problems regarding China’s revolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that a wholeRead MoreChinese Pre Revolutionary Cinem Social Environment As The Antagonist1623 Words   |  7 PagesFletcher Zuo Professor Maria Vinogradova CINE-UT 55 12.15.2016 Chinese Pre-revolutionary Cinema: Social Environment as the Antagonist In Chinese history, the pre-revolutionary period (1945-1949) is particularly associated with struggle and painfulness that are unprecedented in Chinese history. It is a period between China’s bitter victory in Sino-Japanese War and Communist Party’s takeover of the country, establishing the People’s Republic of China; while the former, lasted 8 years, caused moreRead MoreEssay on Cubas Struggle For Independence1443 Words   |  6 Pagesinsurrection and emancipation.† pg.2 Ada Ferrer presents the atmosphere of a war that lasted 30 years only to end virtually back to the beginning under a new master. (U.S. Occupation) The struggle for independence was embedded in a deep vision of nationalism. Where race took a back seat to the unity of Cubans. Revolutionary rhetoric made racial slavery and racial divisions concomitant with Spanish colonialism.† pg.3 This war was to unite the rise of the first race less nation. Ferrer writes with purposeRead MoreRevolu tionary Mothers : Women s Struggle For American Independence985 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Mothers: Women in the struggle for American Independence. By Carol Berkin (New York: Knopf Publishing Group, 2005). 194 pp. Reviewed by Edidiong Mbong, September 20, 2014. Carol Berkin is a professor of American History at Baruch College and the Graduate center of the City University of New York. She is knowledgeable and experience on the matters of women s history in colonial American. She has delivered important fact on the subject in numerous accounts, including First Generations

Advanced Economics (A Case On Mobile Phones)

Question: Discuss about the Report on Advanced Economics (A Case On Mobile Phones)? Answer: Introduction: Mobile phones are a potent brain child of engineers. It has made the world a single place. To communicate via mobile was a conspicuous economic behavior at the advent of mobile phone technology. Before 1995, the telecommunication sector was dominated by landline phones. But slowly and steady, the mobile communication system carved a niche for itself in the telecommunication sector. So, initially the mobile firms gained a financial leverage for their products. It may be noted that the landline started out as a monopoly. But the mobile phone industry has an oligopolistic market structures with a few market players. The firms of the mobile industry have a slightly differentiated service. There are barriers to entry the mobile market. Irrespective of age, almost every one possesses a mobile phone. Each firm in the oligopolistic mobile market has a tacit relationship. This is in order to maintain a profit margin. Ever since its inception, the market for mobile phone was very concentrated. The first ever mobile handset was made by Motorola. On 1st July, 1991, Nokia devised mobile phones using the GSM system. The market leader in the mobile phone industry was Nokia (Finland) in around 90s. Nokia had a monopoly for a significant time period. This was because the market demand was much higher than the target market. But normal mobile phones were transformed into smartphones that started around 2007. As Apple introduced the iPhone, smartphones were popularized. Apples forte was its application section. The output was higher and the usage of personal resources was lower. Apple was thus, allocatively efficient. Later in October, 2008, T-Mobile G1 devised the first ever android. So, Nokias monopoly broke down to duopoly. So, the main players that emerged in the market were Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and Apple. Nokia still maintained its position as the market leader. Nokia targeted the middle income group with its affordable mobile phones. Thus, Nokia enjoyed economies of scale. The marginal costs of mobiles were highly condensed. Thus, this allowed Nokia to sell its mobile handsets at an acceptable cost price. Thus, the price elasticity of demand for Nokia phones was relatively elastic. Nokia also promoted its phone as a normal good which was income elastic: thus, this normal good attracted consumers from various income groups including the lower income group. But until the early 90s, mobile phones were a luxury commodity. Micro economic models: Supply and demand: The case with mobile handsets was that, the demand was greater than its supply over a time period (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma, 2013). This means: The demand curve gets shifted towards the right. The supply remains unchanged. Shortage sets in (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma, 2013). This induces higher equilibrium price. Demand: Demand schedule for cell phones: Price ($) Cell phones (million) 270 20 240 40 210 60 180 80 150 100 120 120 90 140 60 160 30 180 Shifts in demand curve due to increase in demand of cell phones: Supply schedule for cell phones: Price ($) Cell phones (million) 20 30 40 60 60 90 80 120 100 150 120 180 140 210 160 240 180 270 Shifts in supply curve: Market equilibrium: The market state where demand in a market equals the supply in a market is the market equilibrium. The corresponding quantity is the equilibrium quantity. The corresponding price pertains to the equilibrium price. It is also called the market-clearing price. Here, the quantities supplied and quantities demanded are equal (King, 2012). Thus, market equilibrium is a state where the tendency to change prices is not there. Surplus Shortages: The equilibrium price is A. The equilibrium quantity is Q. Thus, at A, quantity demanded=quantity supplied. At price B; suppliers would supply larger amounts of cellphones than the consumers demand. At C, suppliers would supply fewer amounts of cellphones than the consumers demand (Miller, 2012). Thus, at B, there is surplus. The surplus creates forces among the competitive suppliers. They will cut their prices. These forces shall push down the price to A which is the equilibrium level. Point C exhibits shortage. Thus, the competitors will hike the price of their products. This hike is due to shortages and competition among the buyers (Miller, 2012). Mobile phones and the evolution of the market structures: Apple monopolized both the product for smart phone operating system using iPhone iOS. Nokia monopolized in the second generation mobile handset (Miller, 2013). But these monopolies broke down to oligopoly when some other players like Samsung, Ericsson LG entered the market. All of them are not always price takers. But the rivals prices effects their revenue. Price discrimination the mobile phone industry: The initial mobile market had players like Nokia or Apple for various time periods. And they monopolized the markets in their own lights (Miller, 2013). They charge higher prices due to increased demand and shortage. They practice first degree price discrimination. Thus, they gained super normal profits. The UK mobile industry has six players viz. Vodafone, Orange etc (uSwitch, 2015). Consumer heterogeneity induces price discrimination in the market for mobile phones. These mobile operators charge various prices in the EU countries. This is first degree discrimination (Parkin, 2012). Different roaming charges are also a type of price discrimination. Also each operators charge different prices when consumers call to other networks. Tariff proliferation is done to retain the consumers. Opportunity costs: The differences between the firms revenues and its opportunity cost are the economic profits. Firms do not need to earn any profits at all to be eager to stay in the market (Sloman, Wride and Garratt, 2012). A firm can cover its opportunity cost if resources are used in a best alternative use. Opportunity cost and consumers: The mobile industry is oligopolistic in nature. Thus, consumers can make choices for the products they need. Decisions involving a choice between some options has the opportunity cost (Wessels, 2012). Macroeconomic objectives: Unemployment: Data of mobile phones can present insights to the levels of employment (Onita, 2015). This is because the communication pattern of consumers changes when they are unemployed. Data scientists choose a European plant which subjected to redundancy. The redundant employees number of calls fell by 51%. Their incoming calls are fewer. They also make fewer calls (Onita, 2015). Inflation: Mobile operators have substantially increased their rates in UK as per RPI (Ken's Tech Tips, 2014). As people have more demand, firms take the opportunity to hike prices and attain maximum revenue. (Appendix 1) GDP, growth: Mobile industry is 2% of the world GDP (Sharma, 2015). In both developed developing economies, mobile industry is continuously offering unprecedented growth. The mobile communication services have become a pivotal part of how an economy functions and works. The economies having higher level of data usage (3G) have experienced increase in their GDP at 1.4%. In developing economies a 10% expansion in the mobile penetration hikes productivity by 4.2% in the long run. GDP increase by 0.15% if a 10% increase in 3G penetrations rises (Williams, 2015). Critical evaluation: Mobile phones have become a necessity. It connects the world to a single place. But mobile companies have exploited consumers when initially there were monopolies. They extracted all the consumers surplus. Now, they have evolved to oligopolies. But still practice price discriminations. The firms are targeting the middle income group. They are slashing their prices and including new features. Thus, large portion of a population have access to mobiles. Usages of mobile all pose threats to the human body and the environment. Anti-social activities are also planned and worked out via mobile technology. The recent falls in prices of mobile is due to competition among the oligopolists. All want to earn revenues and create a larger customer base. Initially the demand was high, so firms set higher prices and created shortages. But now consumers can choose from varieties of mobile with new features and designs. No matter what the prices are, for consumers mobile has become a necessity. Even i f inflation sets in, people will consume. Reference: Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. and Sharma, A. (2013). Economics. Harlow: Pearson Education. Ken's Tech Tips, (2014). Mobile Contracts 'Retail Price Index' (RPI) Price Changes. [online] Available at: https://kenstechtips.com/index.php/mobile-contract-rpi-increases#What_is_RPI_Inflation [Accessed 25 Aug. 2015]. King, D. (2012). Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Miller, R. (2012). Economics today. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Miller, R. (2013). Economics today. [S.l.]: Prentice Hall. Onita, L. (2015). Mobile phone usage shows when people are unemployed - E T Magazine. [online] Eandt.theiet.org. Available at: https://eandt.theiet.org/news/2015/jun/phone-usage-unemployment.cfm [Accessed 25 Aug. 2015]. Parkin, M. (2012). Economics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Sharma, C. (2015). Mobile Industry is Now 2% of the World's GDP, Analyst Reports. [online] Readwrite.com. Available at: https://readwrite.com/2011/07/07/mobile_industry_is_now_2_of_the_worlds_gdp_analyst [Accessed 25 Aug. 2015]. Sloman, J., Wride, A. and Garratt, D. (2012). Economics. Harlow, England: Pearson. uSwitch, (2015). Mobile Phone Networks - UK Mobile Networks and Mobile Phone Companies. [online] Available at: https://www.uswitch.com/mobiles/networks/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2015]. Wessels, W. (2012). Economics. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series. Williams, C. (2015). The impact of mobile telephony on economic growth | Deloitte UK. [online] Deloitte United Kingdom. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/impact-of-mobile-telephony-on-economic-growth.html [Accessed 25 Aug. 2015].

Report on Foreign Remittance free essay sample

The organization attachment started on February 01, 2006 and finished on April 31, 2006. My organization supervisor Mr Fuad Yusuf Khan (Manager, Motijhil Booth, HSBC) assigned me the topic of the term paper my institution supervisor at Independent University Mrs. Sardana Islam, duly approved it. The report will definitely identify how the corporate world really works and how the Remittance are approved and disbursed; and will help to apply theoretical knowledge in the practical life. 1. 2 Background of the study: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Bangladesh were the most diversified banking service providers in Bangladesh, as they had various products and services for the customers. HSBC was always in the lookout for various financial opportunities. Towards this end, HSBC is intending to introduce new products and services of Payment and Cash Management for the corporate clients to serve them more efficiently also they were intending to find what they were lacking in Payment Cash Management services 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Foreign Remittance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 Objective of the study: The purposes of this report cognates the internship purpose. The internship objective was to gather practical knowledge and experience of the corporate working environment with the close approximation to the business firm and the experts who are leading and making strategic decisions to enhance the growth of a financial institution. To this regard this report is contemplating the knowledge and experience accumulated from internship program. With the set guidelines and proposal by the School of Business of Independent University and with the kind advice of both the Organization and Internship Supervisor this report comprise of an organization part and a project part. The prime objective of the organization part is: To present an overview and brief introduction of HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. The Specific objectives of the project part are: ? To depict the Foreign operations by NSC, HSBC Bank Ltd, Motijheel branch. ? To know deeply about Import, Export and Remittance. ? To learn about the procedure of handling Inward Outward Remittances by NSC, HSBC. ? To make analysis of Inward Outward Remittances through HSBC. 1. 3 Scope The scope of this report is limited to literature review (consisting of banking environment of Bangladesh, overview of HSBC group and overview of HSBC Bangladesh), overview of Network Service Centre (NSC), foreign outward and inward remittance, its analysis and recommendation. In the main report I discussed about the activities of Network Service Centre (NSC) of HSBC Bank Limited at its Motijheel office. I also discussed about foreign inward and outward remittance in detail. I made an analysis of Foreign Inward and Outward Remittances under local currency account of HSBC. Foreign inward and outward remittances under foreign currency account are excluded due to simplicity and restriction on data collection. Foreign remittances against Import and Export are excluded. 1. 4 Methodology Both the primary as well as the secondary form of information was used to prepare the report. The details of these sources are highlighted below. 1. 4. 1 Primary Sources Major sources of primary information were discussions with Mr. A. T. M Afsaruzzaman Assistant Officer, HSBC and Other assistant officers at NSC, Motijheel Branch. 1. 4. 2 Secondary Sources Sources of secondary data can be defined as: Internal Sources Bangladesh bank return report Banks Annual Report Group Business Principal manual Group Instruction Manual (GIM) Business Instruction Manual (BIM) Prior research report Any information and literature regarding the Banking sector External Sources Different books and periodicals related to the banking sector Bangladesh Bank Report Newspapers Website information 1. 5 Limitations An Internee has to complete the internship and prepare an internship report within a semester. In briefly, I faced following limitations during the time of preparing this report. Since I was an intern of â€Å"Foreign Remittance Department† of HSBC Motijhil, I was not allowed to stay in other departments for a long period. That is why it was really a big trouble for me to prepare an internship report on Freign Remitance staying in Anchor Tower at Banglamotor Booth. I had to visit Head office frequently to collect these data. As per Bank’s compliance, as an intern I was unable to obtain indispensable experiences of different departments. Due to time shortage, details of many aspects of the services of HSBC Bangladesh Limited have been skipped in this report. One of the main barriers in writing this report was the confidentiality of data. Though I saw their internal procedure that is being used in processing and evaluating any documentary Remittance, but I was told strictly not to disclose that even in my internship report. Banking Environment in Bangladesh 1. History of Banking Industry in Bangladesh : The banking industry in Bangladesh is more than 600 years old. The first commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which opened in 1905. It is presently named Standard Chartered Grindlays Bank Ltd. after it’s acquisition by the Standard Chartered Bank. Since liberation, Bangladesh passed through fragile phases of development in the Banking sector. The nationalization of Banks in the post liberation period was intended to safe the institutions and the interest of the depositors. Those handling the banking sector have borne the burden of putting banks on reliable footings. Despite all that was done, some elements of irregularities appeared. The public sector management of banks left some negative effects in the money market in particular and the economy in general. The agility among the borrowers manipulates the banking sector as a whole. In effect, a default culture, among other effects, appeared on the scene. 2. Default Culture : The clever, among the user of banking services, have influenced the management of banks, for obtaining short term and long term loans. They sometimes showed inflated equity to get money for investment in businesses and industry. Few diverted their loan money to purposes different from the loan proposals, and invested in non profitable units have failed to repay their loans to the banks. For this reason new entrepreneurs are not getting capital while defaulting entrepreneurs have started obtaining either relief in the form of rescheduling of the repayment program or additional inevitable money for diversified units. Control by Central Bank : With the assertion of the role of the Central Bank, the Bangladesh Bank started adopting measures to check the default culture and to put banking institutions on the right track. As a result the Bangladeshi banking industry is now characterized by the tight banking rules and regulations set by Bangladesh bank. All banks and financial Institutions (FI) are highly governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act 1993, which lays out many restrictions, besides other guidelines. Among the many regulations imposed, Bangladesh Bank does not allow any FI get into bankruptcy or insolvency. 3. Opening of New Banks : The opening of private and foreign participants to the banking sector was intended to obtain desirable results from banking. The authorization of private banks was designed to create competition among the banks and competition in the form of efficiency within and the productivity in enterprises funded by banks. Government has recently issued licenses to 8 merchant banks. Primary decision has been taken to allow another couple of local commercial banks soon. 2. 5 Caution Against Opening of New Banks : Opening of the recently permitted new banks, without implementation of the needed reforms, could lead to unethical competition and horse- trading in the countrys troubled banking sector, according to the bankers. Mr. Lutfar Rahman Sarkar, Ex-governor Bangladesh Bank echoed his views and said Allowing the new banks, without restoring discipline and resolving their numerous problems, will create unhealthy atmosphere and unethical banking in the whole country. The international Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world Bank earlier asked the government to reconsider its decision to permit new banks without restoring discipline in the sector, crippled by huge amount of bad debts. 2. 6 Financial Institutions : Currently the major financial institutions under the banking system in Bangladesh are Bangladesh Bank ? Commrcial Banks ? Islamic Banks (For interest free Islamic banking in adherence to the shariah, i. e. , Islamic banking principles and practices) ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? Merchant Banks 2. 7 Performance and Growth : Performance (holding market share) in terms of deposit and advance are presented separately in the following figures: Source: Schedule Bank Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, July 2000 Among Foreign Banks, Standard Chartered Grindlays Bank is enjoying the name of the largest multinational bank operating in Bangladesh. According to the recent Schedule Bank Statistics, SCGB shares 32% of the market share of FCB’s in terms of deposit. SCGB holds the largest market share in terms of advance also among all the foreign banks. In recent days, the bank has concentrated in diversifying its operational activities in personal as well as retail banking. Source: Schedule Bank Statistics SCGB holds the largest market share in terms of advance also among all the foreign banks. In comparison, HSBC, Bangladesh, shares only 11% of the market share of FCB’s in terms of deposit. An Overview of HSBC Group 3. 1 Brief History The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 in Hong Kong and Shanghai to finance the growing trade between China and Europe. Thomas Sutherland, a Hong Kong Superintendent of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company helped to establish this bank in March 1865. Throughout the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the bank established a network of agencies and branches based mainly in China and South East Asia but also with representation in the Indian sub-continent, Japan, Europe and North America. The post-war political and economic changes in the world forced the bank to analyze its strategy for continued growth in the 1950s. The bank diversified both its business and its geographical spread through acquisitions and alliances. HSBC Holdings plc, the parent company of the HSBC Group, was established in 1991 with its shares quoted on both the London and Hong Kong stock exchanges. The HSBC Group now comprises a unique range of banks and financial service providers around the globe. 3. 2 Banks under the HSBC group Many of the members have changed their name into HSBC, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited to introduce the whole group under one brand name. Midland Bank, one of the principal UK clearing banks, was acquired by HSBC Holdings in 1992. Headquartered in London, the bank has a personal customer base of five and a half million, business customers of over half a million, and a network of almost 1,700 branches in the United Kingdom. Midland has offices in 28 countries and territories, principally in continental Europe, with a number of offices in Latin America. Hang Seng Bank, in which HongkongBank has a 62. 1% equity interest, maintains a network of 146 branches in the Hong Kong SAR, where it is the second-largest locally incorporated bank after HongkongBank. Hang Seng Bank also has a branch in Singapore and two branches and two representative offices in China. Marine Midland Bank, headquartered in Buffalo, New York, has 380 banking locations state-wide. The bank serves over two million personal customers and 120,000 commercial and institutional customers in New York State and, in selected businesses, throughout the United States. Hongkong Bank of Canada is the largest foreign-owned bank in Canada and the country’s seventh-largest bank. With headquarters in Vancouver, it has 116 branches across Canada and two branches in the western United States. Banco HSBC Bamerindus was established in Brazil in 1997. The bank has its head office in Curitibank and a network of some 1,900 branches and sub-branches, the second largest in Brazil. Hongkong Bank Malaysia is the largest foreign-owned bank in Malaysia and the country’s fifth-largest bank, with 36 branches. The British Bank of the Middle East (British Bank) is the largest and most widely represented international bank in the Middle East, with 31 branches throughout the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan, Lebanon and the Palestinian Autonomous Area, including an offshore banking unit in Bahrain. The bank also has branches in Mumbai and Trivandrum, India, and Baku, Azerbaijan, as well as private banking operations in London and Geneva. HSBC Banco Roberts was acquired in 1997. Based in Buenos Aires, it is one of Argentina’s largest privately owned banks, with 60 branches throughout the country. HongkongBank of Australia has 16 branches across Australia. It is the flagship of the HSBC Group’s businesses there, operating under the name HSBC Australia, and providing a complete range of financial services. The Saudi British Bank, a 40%-owned member of the HSBC Group, has 63 branches throughout Saudi Arabia and a branch in London. Other associated Group banks are British Arab Commercial Bank, The Cyprus Popular Bank and Egyptian British Bank. Wells Fargo HSBC Trade Bank is a San Francisco-based joint venture between HSBC and Wells Fargo Bank, providing trade finance and international banking services in the United States through its offices in five western states and in conjunction with Wells Fargo’s 32 regional commercial banking offices in 10 western states. In addition, the Group has a non-equity strategic alliance with Wells Fargo Bank, which provides access to a wide range of banking services through that bank’s more than 1,900 staffed outlets. The Group also has a non-equity alliance with Wachovia Corporation, one of the leading corporate banks in the United States, with business relationships in 50 states. 3. 3 HSBC Vision Statement: â€Å"We aim to satisfy our customers with high quality service that reflects our global image as the premier international bank† 3. 4 Objectives of HSBC: To beat mean Total Shareholder Return performance of a peer group of financial institutions over a three-year rolling average, with a minimum objective to double shareholder return value in five years. HSBC’s objectives are to provide innovative products supported by quality delivery of systems and excellence customer services, to train and motivate staffs and to exercise social responsibility. By combining regional strengths with group network HSBC’s aim is to be the one of the leading banks in its principle markets. HSBC’s goal is to achieve sustained earnings growth and to continue to enhance shareholders value. 3. 5 HSBC’s International Network: The HSBC Groups international network comprises of some 10,500 offices in 81 countries. 3. Country Classifications: To ensure that the key resources (management time, capital, human resources and information technology) are correctly allocated and that the exchange of best practice is accelerated between entities, the group has classified the countries where it operates into 3 categories: the large, the major and the international. These classifications are a function of sustainable, attributable earnings, th e number of retail clients, balance sheet and size of operation. A brief presentation of this classification is shown below: Large: Uniited Kingdom, USA and Hong Kong SAR/Mainland China. Major : Argentina, Canada, India, Malaysia, kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore and United Arab Emirates. International: The Rest of the World. 3. 7 International Brand: A key part of the Group’s business strategy, announced in 1998, is the creation of a global brand featuring the HSBC name and hexagon symbol. The symbol is now a familiar sight around the world. The Group has embarked on the next phase — making the HSBC brand universally synonymous with its core values of integrity, trust and excellent customer service. . 8 Corporate Character : HSBC is a prudent, cost conscious, ethically grounded, conservative, trustworthy international builder of long-term customer relationships. 3. 9 Basic Drives : HSBC’s basic drives are Higher Productivity, Team Orientation, and Creative Organization Customer Orientation. The essence of HSBC brand is integrity, trust and excellent customer service. It gives confi dence to customers, value to investors comfort to colleagues. 3. 10 Products and Services :